نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1402)

Security is one of the most fundamental human need and has the second place in Mazlo's classification of needs. the environmental factors could influence security. Security is strongly affected by the city as the living Space for the people and the spatial hierarchy of the city (including region, area, district and neighborhood) plays a significant part in maintaining security. The aim of this article is to analyse and prioritise the essential factors of environmental design that influence security of the district centres. First the literature review was analysed to extract the factors of effective environmental design on security, and afterwards the relationship between the paper keywords is visualized through a conceptual model and completed using expert reviews through the Delphi method. As security is essentially measured together with its contex in which it is assessed, case study is the method utilized in this paper. As Sang-e Siah district is one of the most important, most valuable spaces in Shiraz historical area and acts as a symbol for cultural and social identity of the city, is selected as a case study of this paper. The model is afterwards evaluated using survey research method via 37-measure questionnaire in the Sang-e Siah district. Random cluster method was used for sampling and the sample size is 89 persons. The data is processed by SPSS software. The findings indicate that utility-services factors of public recreational and residential gathering spaces, social-population factors of unofficial monitoring of the surrounding environment and pedestrian areas, physical factors of green spaces and parks motifs, and the expressive factors of well-being are significant contributors to the feeling of security of the residents. Conclusively, a redesigning of the district centre is suggested in order to provide cultural and green spaces, and to improve social well-being and resident participation.

Windows are the most basic component of the building in providing natural light. two of window features that affects quantity and quality of natural lighting conditions of the building are dimensions and proportions of the window. Furthermore, window size affects building energy use (artificial lighting, cooling and heating energy). So, this article was allocated with the purpose of optimizing daylighting and energy use in residential building and as regard extreme sunlight in hot and dry climate of Iran, Isfahan City was selected for this study. For investigation of window size, an integrated of light and energy simulation using Diva and Honeybee software and Energy plus engine was used. First, considering different percentages of window to south wall, the optimized of window percentage was determined. Then, the role of shape and proportion of the window in natural lighting was investigated. The purpose of this research is providing guidelines for architects to determine best size and proportion of windows in residential buildings. Results show that increasing window size does not increase daylight as much as. So, however increasing window size decreases electrical lighting use, excessive increasing window size will not affect remarkable saving electrical lighting use. So, furthermore as regard forced cooling use with artificial light, it is not expected very small windows decrease cooling use. Also as regard as losing energy from windows, it is not expected very large windows decrease heating use. It is resulted from this research that the window to wall ratio (WWR) 30% is optimized for the south window. However, the acquired size depends on conditions of building design such as building plan, surrounding buildings and other design factors and for each building must be determined separately.Keywords: Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), Electrical lighting use, Cooling use, Heating use.

Problem statement:

Changes in lifestyle and moving to apartment living, the gradual elimination of yards, Eyvan and semi open spaces, the diminishing importance of the indoor and outdoor communication and the lack of attention to the need for outdoor and green spaces have caused incompatibilities in livability spaces

The purpose of the present research is to express the importance and attention of this kind of relationship by emphasizing the psychological and semantic aspects of life and the influence of middle space on this quality of part. And evaluating the principles of meaning changes in the ratio of inside and outside affect or are affected by these meanings.

The research method is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative paradigm and its strategy is logical reasoning. In this way the method of data gathering is based on the study of library resources and field surveys. Firstly, the theorists' criteria regarding the characteristics of Mashrabiya and its role on quality of life. Secondly, it tested by referring to the residents of houses in the city of Kermanshah and new data are obtained. Accordingly, the method of data analysis to describe the view of homeowners relies on grounded theory.

By examining and analyzing 16 examples of balconies in contemporary homes in Kermanshah, in comparison with Mashrabiya as practical elements in Islamic civilization and based on the main category of the study "Meaning of life at home", six concepts were obtained. Accordingly, residents' priorities were "privacy and vision control", "protection", "multifunctionality and flexibility", "control of light, heat and ventilation", "3 to 2 ratios and right angles" and "belonging and attachment". At the end of the research, the model of communication theory will be explained between the components of the realization of semantic quality and meaning in the middle spaces.

Changing the lifestyle and culture of individuals over time has led to the formation of major changes in the spatial system of contemporary houses compared to traditional homes. The most important of these can be the change in the quality (physical and visual) access qualities of contemporary houses compared to traditional houses. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare the qualitative visual and physical access to traditional and contemporary Iranian residential uses and to identify the factors influencing these changes. Since the achievement of this goal is possible due to the analysis of spatial configuration of the samples, the concept of space syntax is used for this purpose. The tool used in this analysis is the Depthmap software, which uses its outputs to analyze the patterns. Also, the objective observations of the authors of the works and analysis of the relevant documents will lead to a qualitative analysis of the works. The samples studied in this research are four traditional patterns of a garden in Kashan and four apartment models in the same city as a contemporary example. For each of the two traditional and contemporary groups, software and software analyzes of visual and physical access were performed individually and, by extracting the characteristics of each of them, the software, describes the similarity and differentiation between them. Were analyzed. The results of the research showed that one of the important factors in creating or changing the factors of the quality of space and in general the logic of the configuration of space in the interior of the houses, changes in different scenarios of physical and visual access to the living space Sometimes Therefore, many differences and differences between the characteristics of spatial configurations in homes are due to the type of access, whether physical or visual, in them.

Educational spaces, as one of the most important spaces, play an essential role in educating and shaping the people of a society. The upbringing and education environment of the people of a society should be such that it can be used to the maximum extent possible. Security in educational spaces and schools as an essential element in maintaining the mental health of students is invaluable. CPTED's approach to crime prevention through environmental design is an efficient theory for enhancing environmental security. Humans interact with the environment at all times. Territory is part of the environment we are in contact. Secondary domains, which are generally group-owned and communally owned, are clearly present in schools. In line with the purpose of this research, these questions have been raised as to what factors in the design of secondary domains of educational spaces affect the increase of environmental security and what is the relationship between environmental security indicators and indicators of the concept of secondary domain to increase environmental security? The purpose of this study is to achieve the relationship between indicators and components of environmental security and secondary domain in educational environments and to investigate the correlation between these two variables. The results show that the index of interaction in secondary domains has the greatest impact on creating a sense of security in students. According to Friedman test in environmental security, the natural monitoring index has the first priority and then the support of activities, access control, readability and permeability, environmental quality and territoriality in the next priorities and also in the secondary realm of the interaction index has the first priority and priorities. Next are the indexes of arena, privacy monitoring, physical security and group ownership, respectively.

Contemporary residential environments are not well-designed for the activities and needs of seniors. It is essential to address the quality of the elderly's interactions with the physical environment. The senior's ratio to the total global population, Iran in particular, has been increased in the coming decades. Therefore, a theoretical and practical framework for promoting the interaction of ageing-in-place is a necessity. This study seeks to address the interrelation of seniors and their environment. The kind of research strategy is qualitative to pursue the research objectives. Interview protocol executes at five thematic sections (Contexts Features; individual's goals; home and neighbourhood services evaluation; Age-in-Place or relocation decision-making process; the intended or applied changes for the elderly formed in the place and house modification for meeting current needs). Seniors of the Iranian-Canadian community in Toronto scoped as the research samples population. The data from the open interview reveal common themes about the feelings of old age at the site and the process of reflection on the decision to stay or move. Five Thematic Coding: The Importance of Home; Comfort and convenience of home; Characteristics of the neighbourhood and community; managing home affairs difficulties; security and safety concerns followed up through qualitative data. The results show that the elderly mainly look at the home from a functional perspective and immediately point to those environmental features that are non-supportive. Several physical characteristics seem to be age-friendly from a practical perspective for the elderly. In sum, guidelines for designing elderly-friendly housing based on the research findings are explaining.

In today's world, the quality of education and educational spaces are very important. Due to their physical and mental conditions, children are greatly affected by their surroundings. Children's educational spaces always play a significant role in forming their mentality toward education and learning. The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of physical elements and factors of architecture on the growth and promotion of children's creativity and to prioritize the desired components. It is assumed that by using the physical elements of architecture, children's creativity can be developed and promoted. The research method in this research is quantitative and qualitative, and it was conducted as a survey, and the paintings were analyzed by MAXQDA 2020 software. The paintings were selected, analyzed, and reviewed by random sampling among the paintings of children and female students aged 7-12 in Qazvin city. In most paintings, cheerful colors, large windows, special shelves and tables, and circular arrangements are visible in the classrooms. Perhaps children's drawings are one of the best sources to access their intellectual layers. Therefore, this research shows that the furniture is the first priority, and the openings and the color are both the second priority. The green space and the transparency of the space (resulting from the connection between inside and outside the classroom by using the physical factors of the walls and the body of the classroom), respectively in The third and fourth priorities are the physical components and factors that are effective in promoting children's creativity because classes and educational spaces with these characteristics match what is happening in the children's creative minds and being in a favorable environment It will prepare children's minds to accept new issues and perspectives, which is the definition of creativity.

The urban environment and homes have been became the main places that people live in and work. As a result, it can have deep impacts on our security. While much of the literature has been focused on physical health, less attention has been paid to the possible psychological impacts of the urban environment. A number of studies have been suggested a connection between the type of dwellings and their mental health, specially in security context. People who live in flats are usually shown to be more prone to mental illness than those who live in houses. One of the ways to create the quality in residential buildings is Security. Security is one of the factors that can create the satisfaction too and according to this introduction; we can expect that the quality level is different in contemporary and traditional houses. The method of this article is based on the Kerry walk's. After that, the researchers make models and validate it by Vikor method. In this article had been tried to identify the factors that cause the satisfaction in urban of Dezful by Kerry walk's method, and based on that, many methods can be caught in designing the contemporary urban of it. Finally, the security that causes the rise of quality in life had been identified and presented.The target of presenting this research was checking the traditional and contemporary building models to have attention to a principle in design of residential architecture with a good feedback for the user’s tranquility. The information of this research is present some solutions for designing a contemporary house. Also indicators of security in ancient Dezful housing are in order to importance including visual and environmental comfort, readability of spaces, household income and outcome, surveillance, confidentiality, dimensions of space, and sense of belonging.

Currently, increasing population and increasing construction costs and lack of suitable land for housing construction, as well as the need to provide housing, especially for low-income groups who are not able to provide adequate housing in the current economic situation has caused the issue of affordable housing design to consider by housing decision makers, but in the meantime, unfortunately, designed housing has been turned into small houses due to lack of attention to cultural characteristics, as well as provide of individual and social needs of occupants and non-interference of users in the design and construction process. This research tries to collect data by library and field study and based on the judgment of experts based on the snowball method and using the questionnaire and hierarchical analysis of AHP to Identify the most important components of affordability in housing design at least from point of view experts on the island of Mino. In this way, to attract the attention of government and indigenous decision makers to the construction of housing that, while being economical, has the necessary adequacy and efficiency and is habitable and desirable spatial quality. According to the results of this study, from point of view experts, among the components of affordability, "allocating common public areas, reducing the dimensions of spaces and using the potential of local community participation of the most importance and components of modular design, prefabrication and use of simple volumes of less importance" In the design of housing at least on the island of Mino has obtained

Belonging to the third place and realizing a sociable space in contemporary collective spaces in response to the shrinking of the contemporary human living space and home is considered a suitable strategy in promoting social interactions and urban vitality, which itself requires the creation of spaces in response According to the need of interaction, the direction of the flourishing of the members of the society through the creation of small spaces in the large-scale urban cultural, educational and commercial buildings is of the nature of pause and peace.The current research tries to explain the feasibility of realizing a space with sociability of the third place in contemporary buildings, to investigate the effective factors in strengthening it in the architecture of open spaces of commercial complexes.The current research is an applied research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the search system, it is a quantitative-qualitative mixed research. Collecting research data from library and field methods and analyzing data from path analysis method with the help of structural equation modeling. In this method, random sampling was done from among the audience of the study area in ten time periods of the year.The realization of a third place while depending on the physical and physical factors that influence the invitation of the audience to attend the place, requires the policy matching of the organizers and managers of the place, the quality of the audience's society and the behavioral factors that govern it. Is. In this regard, the superiority of social attitudes, demographic homogeneity, obtaining points from long-term references of users in commercial complexes and avoiding the temporary profitable view of people's presence can be evident in the prosperity and greater impact of the quality of the space on vitality.

In order to integrate and coordinate structure and architecture in the creation of structural architecture, the basic question is whether it is possible to identify the influencing factors in this architecture and the position of each of these factors? For this purpose, in this article, the "Theory of structural architecture" is explored using the Grounded Theory research method, in order to clarify the causal conditions, intervening conditions, context conditions, strategy and consequences of structural architecture. The result extracted from this article shows that for the design of structural architecture, achieving causal conditions with features such as scientism and critical wisdom is a basic approach. Also, the intervening conditions in this architecture include the tectonical context; Executive capacity, economic issues, land and neighborhoods, building use, environment and vernacular identity and climate, culture and harmony with the time and scale of the building are those that have an intervention effect on the context conditions or Tectonical Features in three functional, formal and semantic domains. These features are divided into 18 attributes (such as: intelligence, safety, flexibility, strength and balance, optimality, attention to details, definition of space, inspiration from nature, attention to post-occupancy needs, unity, composition with context, force cutting and optimal form, geometry, proportions to scale, messaging, beauty, compatibility and sustainability). Strategy of structural architecture resulting from the article is categorized into two parts: review and action. In tectonical review and categories of analysis and decision, the designer is required to pay attention to vernacular architecture and eco-tech architecture, and in tectonic action, it is necessary to use constructivist pedagogy in teaching structural architecture with multiple components such as exploratory model and critical and creative thinking. The consequence of benefiting from structural architecture is in many components such as promoting peace and comfort in the living environment.

Since urban parks are considered as public spaces and are the basic rights of citizens, consideration of the views and demands of citizens is a requirement for better design for them. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review architectural approaches and approaches in relation to urban public spaces and parks, a relationship that strengthens the role of these spaces in increasing the satisfaction of users and it is based on the main issue that the design which is based on users opinions, can improve their satisfaction. Descriptive-survey method is used for this research. The population of this study was randomly selected from park users of Babol city in different hours and days. After assessing the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the relationship between variables was obtained by using the correlation test, Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests through SPSS software. The results indicate that the six factors of structural-physical, aesthetic, meaning, security, behavioral patterns, and aggregation are effective in user satisfaction and security factor is the most important factor in users’ perspective. This suggests that feeling safe and existence factors such as adequate lighting, presence of guard, access control, support for activities, park equipment safety, management and maintenance and surveillance are the most impact in shaping users mental image. There is also a significant and positive relationship between some of the six factors. Among these relationships, the two factors of structure and aesthetics with r = 0.417 have the greatest effect. In fact, physical-structural, security, meaning and aggregation factors affect the three factors and aesthetic factor affects the two factors. Also, behavioral patterns with impact on a physical-structural factor has the least impact on other factors.

One of the basic tools to increase social empowerment and expand people's participation is to develop the context of popular organizations and urban communities. The process of people's participation in educational-research spaces in the form of a social group that is formed as a result of the possibility of free and wide dialogue, provides the grounds for growth and ability of users of these groups and will bring creativity in practice. In the meantime, according to previous studies, using the capabilities of presence in nature can promote socialization. Therefore, the main approach of the present study, while defining the concept of conversational orientation as part of the process of interactive behaviors, is to recognize the characteristics and strategies affected by the presence and interaction with nature, which guarantees the establishment and strengthening of the dialogue process in educational-research complexes. The level of participation of users of these collections. The approach of the present study is a qualitative-quantitative combination and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In the present study, the explanation of effective dimensions and components based on logical reasoning of the data was done in the library studies stage and in the field stage to confirm the relationships and test the hypotheses, the data were surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire by architect architects in Lahijan, Has been extracted PLS software has been used to analyze the opinions of experts. In general, this study shows that factors such as calmness, comfort, sociability and collective experience in nature in the design of educational-research environment, can be useful in increasing the level of dialogue in interpersonal interactions.

Problem StatementWhile cycling in Iran has received the verbal attention of some managers in recent years, in practice, the necessary physical and cultural changes are not observed in cities. Some larger cities are trying to invest more in cycling development, seeking to develop better infrastructure standards and improve the cultural environment. Facilitating cycling for children is of strategic importance in the development of cycling culture. In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to issues such as reforming protection laws, social incentives, separating the bike path and improving the quality of infrastructure, in the form of a comprehensive program.Research GoalThe main purpose of this research is the pathology of cycling development in the native conditions of the country with emphasis on primary schools. In this research, by identifying obstacles and offering suggestions in the field of improving cultural and social conditions, quality of roads, creating a parking lot for bicycles and some other cases, attempts are made to find realistic solutions to improve the attitude of adults to encourage their children to use bicycles for school and in-neighborhood access.Research MethodsThrough documentary studies and frameless interviews, 14 variables in children's cycling preferences were identified. Then, through a structured questionnaire, with the participation of 256 respondents from 7 schools, the variables were statistically measured and by exploratory factor analysis, the topics were analyzed based on 4 factors; individual, environmental, social and functional.Findings and ResultsFunctional factors not only had the greatest impact on the development of cycling, but also on the promotion of other indicators. Also at the end, through explanatory-exploratory analyzes, a model for improving children's cycling preferences was designed and explained.

The transformation of traditional shopping spaces from bazaar and street to the irregular construction of shopping centers has made "Shopping mall construction" the dominant approach to urban management. Types of shopping spaces are taking over the city without a comprehensive understanding of their formation philosophy and typology. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the construction patterns and types of shopping spaces in the city of Tabriz from the beginning until now. The strategy used in this research is logical argumentation, with typological technique based on a certain theoretical framework. In this regard, first documentary studies were conducted to determine typological criteria. Then, 40 selected shopping centers in the city as a study sample were analyzed in two components: morphological and functional. A diagram of the composition of the construction patterns for each type was drawn and finally a typological diagram of shopping spaces was presented. According to the results, this research identifies two patterns of "commercial pedestrian street" and "commercial street" as the main construction patterns. In the evolutionary process of shopping spaces, six other construction patterns, including "Passage", "Underground Development", "Market Bridge", "Shopping Center", "Shopping Plaza", and "Mall" in combination with the two main patterns, form nine hybrid types. In addition, the type of independent malls that are the product of the last decade make up a total of ten types of shopping space. Most types are combined with commercial street. The most common hybrids include "Commercial Street-Passage Network" and "Commercial Street-Shopping Center". Technical superiority, scale advantage, network effects, and branding in the type of independent malls have monopolized the production of shopping spaces, however, urban life is more intense in hybrid types than in these types.

Due to its environmental and historical-cultural capabilities, the city of Maragheh has a high potential for tour-ism, which can be provided with proper planning and identification of its tourism advantages and limitations to achieve sustainable tourism development. Due to its dependence on agricultural products, the economy of Maragheh has been seriously damaged during times of frost and has a negative impact on the seasonal and permanent employment of the city. Therefore, investment in tourism can help to solve this shortcoming. Using the classic Delphi method, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the tourism of Maragheh city were examined using the perspective of the city's tourism elites, who were 30 people in total, and the presence of experts is the basis of this research. The matrix table of priority, importance and consensus indicators shows that the existence of rich historical and ancient monuments in Maragheh city is considered the most important strength in the development of tourism in Maragheh region. Also, the components of inappropriate environmental and physical infrastructure are considered the most important weaknesses. Besides these, the rich history of this city is the best opportunity to attract tourists. According to the strategies proposed regarding the tourism of Maragheh city, more emphasis can be placed on the competitive/aggressive strategy, because the natural location of the city, the development of ecotourism and geotourism, and many historical records in the city prove that more attention can be paid to this strategy. However, this natural situation or the existing potentials in the sports infrastructure in order to hold sports competitions can also take into account the diversity strategy. Finally, one of the main solutions for the development of tourism is the development of infrastructure in all dimensions in the city. It is Maragheh.